Dermatologic Manifestations of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome
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Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a rare group of autosomal recessive diseases whose manifestations include oculocutaneous albinism, bleeding, and lysosomal ceroid storage. [1] Its etiology has been related to defects in 7 genes: HPS1, HPS2 (AP3B1) , HPS3, HPS4, HPS5, HPS6, and HPS7. Before 2016, only 9 types of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome were defined; in 2016, a tenth type was defined based on mutations in the AP3D1 gene. [2] See the image below.
See 13 Common-to-Rare Infant Skin Conditions, a Critical Images slideshow, to help identify rashes, birthmarks, and other skin conditions encountered in infants.
The type of albinism associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is a tyrosinase-positive form. Because patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome can produce some melanin, varying amounts of pigmentation may be present; some patients have blond hair and others have brown hair. Secondary to the albinism that results from Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, visual defects, including photophobia (light sensitivity), strabismus (crossed eyes), and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), occur.
The bleeding problems of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome result from platelet dysfunction and manifest with easy bruisability, nose bleeds, and extended bleeding times.
Pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and kidney disease are all symptoms linked to ceroid accumulation in the cells of these organs.
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome was first noted in 1959 by Hermansky and Pudlak, who described 2 unrelated persons with albinism with lifelong bleeding tendencies and peculiar pigmented reticular cells in the bone marrow as well as in biopsy samples of the lymph node and the liver.
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome results from the abnormal formation of intracellular vesicles. The impaired function of specific organelles indicates that the causative genes encode proteins operative in the formation of lysosomes and vesicles. Four such genes, HPS1, ADTB3A, HPS3, and HPS4, are associated with the 4 known subtypes of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1 (HPS-1), Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 2 (HPS-2), Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 3 (HPS-3), and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 4 (HPS-4).
The HPS1 gene is located on band 10q23. The most common mutation in HPS-1 is the most common mutation in Puerto Ricans. In this variant, a 16–base pair frame shift duplication occurs at exon 15 of the HPS1 gene. In the Swiss variant, a frame shift occurs at codon 322 of the HPS1 gene. The gene products of HPS1 remain to be defined.
HPS-2 is caused by a mutation in the gene encoding the beta-3A subunit of the heterotetrameric AP3 complex (ADTB3A), which resides on chromosome 5. ADTB3A is known to assist in vesicle formation from the trans-Golgi network or late endosome.
Because the expression of the beta-3A subunit is normally ubiquitous, deficiency of the beta-3A subunit leads to a precise phenotype in cells with a large number of intracellular granules (eg, neutrophils, natural killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, platelets, melanocytes). [3] The absence of AP-3 results in a low intracellular content of neutrophil elastase, with the consequence of neutropenia. Abnormal movement of lytic granules and reduced perforin content in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells define their respective defects in cytolytic activity. [3]
Less pronounced severity of immunodeficiency can be due to a novel 2 bp-deletion (c.3222_3223delTG) in the final exon of AP3B1, causing a frameshift and thus a prolonged altered HPS2 protein. The place of the deletion is at the very C-terminal’s end, preventing a complete loss of the HPS2 protein. [4]
The HPS3 gene is located on band 3q24. HPS-3 is a biogenesis of the lysosome-related organelles complex (BLOC)–2 component. [5]
HPS4 involves the human homolog of the mouse light-ear gene. It is located at band 22q11.2–q12.2. Its function remains to be defined.
HPS5 (ruby-eye 2) function has been recently defined. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5 (HPS-5) results from a deficiency of the HPS-5 protein, a component of BLOC-2. [6] Cells deficient in the HPS-5 protein maintain early-stage melanosome formation and Pmel-17 trafficking. [6] However, tyrosinase and TYRP1 are mistrafficked and thus fail to be efficiently delivered to melanosomes of HPS-5 melanocytes. [6] Syrzycka et al [7] demonstrated that the pink gene encodes the Drosophila ortholog of the human HPS5 gene.
HPS6 (ruby-eye) have recently been cloned and linked to Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.
A seventh type of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS-7) has been described. HPS-7 results from mutant dysbindin, a member of BLOC-1. The sdy mutant mouse expresses no dysbindin protein, owing to a deletion in the gene DTNBP1 (encoding dysbindin); this mutation of the human ortholog DTNBP1 causes a novel form of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome called HPS-7. Dysbindin is a ubiquitously expressed protein that binds to alpha- and beta-dystrobrevins, components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex in both muscle and nonmuscle cells. Dysbindin is a component of BLOC-1, which regulates trafficking to lysosome-related organelles and includes the proteins pallidin, muted, and cappuccino, which are associated with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in mice. [8]
Studies have revealed that many Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome gene products are stable components of at least 3 distinct, ubiquitously expressed protein complexes, named BLOC-1, BLOC-2, BLOC-3, and BLOC-4. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome–associated genes participate in at least 4 distinct protein complexes: the adaptor complex AP-3; BLOC-1, consisting of 4 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome proteins (pallidin, muted, cappuccino, HPS-7/sandy); BLOC-2, consisting of HPS-6/ruby-eye, HPS-5/ruby-eye-2, and HPS3/cocoa; and BLOC-3, consisting of HPS-1/pale ear and HPS-4/light ear. In the cytosol, HPS-1 (but not HPS-4) is part of yet another complex, termed BLOC-5.
In some investigations, rab geranylgeranyl transferase plays a role in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.
Systemic manifestations of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome involve accumulation of a ceroidlike substance in tissue lysosomes. Ceroid is the name given to the waxlike substance. This lysosomal defect has been reported in reticuloendothelial cells, bone marrow, and lung macrophages. In Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, particularly the cases in Puerto Rico, ceroid-lipofuscin–like pigment accumulates in lysosomal structures, causing tissue damage, and, upon kidney involvement, this leads to increased urinary dolichol excretion. In addition, clinical evidence of storage disease manifesting with restrictive lung disease, granulomatous colitis, kidney failure, and cardiomyopathy is present. The Swiss variant has fewer systemic manifestations.
Platelets in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome abnormally aggregate with collagen, thrombin, epinephrine, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Electron microscopy shows that platelets in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome either lack dense bodies (DBs) or have smaller or fewer DBs. DBs are required for the second phase of platelet aggregation. DBs are storage sites for serotonin, calcium, and pyrophosphate.
Falcon Perez et al [9] found that the Drosophila ortholog of the HPS-5 subunit of BLOC-2 identically mirrors the granule group gene pink (p) that was first investigated in 1910 but had not been identified at the molecular level. The phenotype of pink mutants was worsened by alterations in AP-3 subunits or in the orthologs of VPS33A and Rab38.
The Hermansky-Pudlak HPS1/pale ear gene regulates epidermal and dermal melanocyte development. [10]
A germline mutation in BLOC1S3/reduced pigmentation results in a novel variation of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS8). [11]
Di Pietro et al [12] noted that BLOC-1 interacts with BLOC-2 and the AP-3 complex, facilitating protein trafficking on endosomes, and, when BLOC-1 is defective, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome results.
A new homozygous nonsense mutation resulting in HPS1 was described in 2014. [13]
Jung et al [14] identified a homozygous deletion in the AP3B1 gene that causes HPS-2.
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome protein complexes interface with phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type II-alpha (PI4KII-alpha) in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. [15] Specifically, BLOC-1 deficiencies, but not BLOC-2 or BLOC-3 deficiencies, impact PI4KII-alpha inclusion into AP-3 complexes. BLOC-1, PI4KII-alpha, and AP-3 belong to a tripartite complex involved with down-regulation of PI4KII-alpha, BLOC-1, and AP-3 complexes.
In 2016, a tenth type of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome was defined based on mutations in the AP3D1gene; this type causes seizures and immunodeficiency. [2]
Receptors of Chitinase 3-like-1 and Chitinase 3-like-1 are associated with lung disease in HPS. [16]
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder. Founder effects (one or several people who originated a population) are believed to cause the clustering of the disease in such places as Puerto Rico. The origin of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in Puerto Rico has been traced to a region of southern Spain, and a connection to cases in Holland is possible.
Other researchers have identified a second example of a founder mutation causing Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome in central Puerto Rico. They estimated that the large deletion in the HPS3 gene arose from 1880-1890. At that time, the ancestors of 3 of the 6 families with HPS-3 emigrated from the town of Ciales to the towns of Aibonito, Barranquitas, and Naranjito. Each of the 3 families could also trace their ancestry to 1 individual, Calixto Rivera, who brought his relatives to Aibonito and the surrounding area to deforest his land for tobacco growing.
Consanguinity and geographical isolation contribute to the continued occurrence of the disease.
Pseudodominance has been reported in the northwestern quarter of Puerto Rico and is associated with patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome who marry persons who are carriers.
United States
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome may be the most frequent single-gene disorder in Puerto Rico. Some have estimated a frequency of about 1 case in 2000 population among Puerto Ricans. Others state that, in Puerto Rico, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome has a frequency of about 1 case in 1800 population, with an estimated carrier frequency of 1 in 21. Screening programs for Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome have been carried out in Puerto Rico because of the higher prevalence of the disorder in this population. [17]
International
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is common in an isolated mountain village in the Swiss Alps in the canton Valais. It has also been reported to be more common in persons of Dutch descent. Turkish and Pakistani kindreds have been reported. Cases have been reported in Japan as well. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome has now been reported in African Americans, specifically in 2 brothers who carried compound heterozygous mutations in HPS-1: 1 mutation previously noted, p.M325WfsX6 (c.972delC), and a novel silent mutation that resulted in a splice defect at p.E169E (c.507G > A). [18] Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome has also been reported in a patient of Indian descent. [19]
This disease is most common in Puerto Rico, but it has been reported in Switzerland, Japan, and other countries. Ashkenazi Jews with mild symptoms and mutations in the HPS3 gene have been reported.
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome affects the sexes equally.
This disease first manifests in childhood. At this time, albinism is evident. Its systemic manifestations unfold over time and are uncommon in childhood. Inflammatory bowel disease symptom onset occurs at age 12-30 years. The onset of pulmonary fibrosis begins in the third and fourth decades of life. Patients die of pulmonary fibrosis in their fourth or fifth decade of life.
Most patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (about 70%) die from complications related to this syndrome. Pulmonary fibrosis leads to death in almost 50% of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, usually in the fourth decade of life. Pulmonary complications are more common in Puerto Rican patients. Bleeding leads to death in about 10% of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Because patients receive blood and platelet transfusions, the occurrence of blood-borne illness transmission is higher in these patients. Some patients have colitis, and about 13% of patients die from complications relating to colitis. Other causes of death include intestinal, liver, and kidney failure. While some cases are treatable, some are intractable such as a case reported in 2014 of a 52-year-old man whose HPS1 was untreatable and resulted in death. [20]
Most patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome are legally blind. Cataracts can also develop at an earlier age than in healthy control subjects. A lack of pigmentation in the eyes can result in photophobia (light sensitivity), strabismus (crossed eyes), and nystagmus (involuntary eye movements). Best-corrected visual acuity in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome ranges from 20/60 to 20/400.
Patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome manifest with skin pathology related to albinism. Clinical studies report that 80% of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome have freckles or lentigines. Melanoma, solar keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma have been reported.
Patients need extensive education regarding visual impairment and visual enhancement. They need to understand the implications of photophobia, low-vision aids, nystagmus, and strabismus. The benefits of protective sunglasses must be explained to patients. Sunglasses decrease photophobia in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Sunglasses with ultraviolet protection minimize the harmful visual effects of ultraviolet rays. Further, blue blockers, yellow tint, or polarized glasses may decrease photophobia in patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Low-vision aids enhance the lives of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. These aids can facilitate educational activities. Patients and families need education regarding telescopic lenses, high-contrast school materials, and font magnifiers. Grønskov et al [21] have suggested that people with diseases such as Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (1) use glasses (possibly bifocals) and dark glasses or photochromic lenses to abate effects of reduced visual activity and photophobia and (2) consider having strabismus and nystagmus corrected if necessary.
Patients need to understand that their skin is sensitive to the sun. They must wear sunblock with a high SPF and avoid sun exposure. They should wear hats and undergo frequent dermatologic evaluation. They should obtain regular skin cancer checks.
Patients and families need to understand the implications of the increased bleeding tendency. Patients must avoid contact sports and physical trauma. Surgery should be undertaken with caution.
Patients need to understand that lung and heart function can be adversely affected by Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Therefore, they need to frequently visit doctors to assess and avoid the complications involved.
Because patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome have many health issues, they might require psychological, educational, and social assistance from appropriate specialists.
For patient education resources, see the Ear, Nose, and Throat Center and Nosebleed.
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Noah S Scheinfeld, JD, MD, FAAD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Weil Cornell Medical College; Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, St Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary; Assistant Attending Dermatologist, New York Presbyterian Hospital; Assistant Attending Dermatologist, Lenox Hill Hospital, North Shore-LIJ Health System; Private Practice
Noah S Scheinfeld, JD, MD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ann M Johnson, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Director, Body MRI, Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
Ann M Johnson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Roentgen Ray Society, Radiological Society of North America, Society for Pediatric Radiology, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Society of Computed Body Tomography and Magnetic Resonance
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
David F Butler, MD Former Section Chief of Dermatology, Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System; Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Founding Chair, Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Clinic
David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jeffrey J Miller, MD Associate Professor of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Staff Dermatologist, Pennsylvania State Milton S Hershey Medical Center
Jeffrey J Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Association of Professors of Dermatology, North American Hair Research Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Dirk M Elston, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Smeena Khan, MD Private Practice, Adult and Pediatric Dermatology Associates
Smeena Khan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Dermatologic Manifestations of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome
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