Direct Brow Lift Procedures

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Direct Brow Lift Procedures

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The appearance of the brow is invested with an emotional, expressive, and psychological significance that makes it one of the most prominent features of the face. As the brow naturally descends with aging, its position often imparts undesired characteristics to the face, such as fatigue, sadness, anger, ennui, or other qualities that do not represent the individual’s state of mind.

Many techniques have been developed to address the ptotic brow, and they are thoroughly reviewed in the following articles:

Brow Lift, Endoscopic

Brow Lift, Mid Forehead

Brow Lift, Coronoplasty

Brow Lift, Periorbital Rejuvenation

Brow Lift, Pretrichial Lift

Browplasty

Direct Brow Lift

Endoscopic Forehead Lift

This article focuses on the plastic and reconstructive surgical considerations of the direct brow lift, which involves an incision (and the resulting scar) immediately over the eyebrows. The procedure has waned in popularity as a cosmetic technique, having been replaced by more aesthetically satisfying methods that raise the forehead and the brow. The direct brow lift remains useful in certain clinical situations for functional restoration of the overhanging brow, eg, in persons who are not candidates for more modern forehead-lifting techniques.

A study by Pascali of 50 consecutive male patients who underwent direct brow lift (along with upper blepharoplasty) found at 12-month follow-that 98% of patients demonstrated statistically significant brow elevation. The investigators concluded that direct brow lift provides beneficial, long-lasting outcomes in bald men and patients with a high anterior hairline. Because this method requires no width dissection, the report states, it can be rapidly performed, offering an advantage for elderly patients. [1]

In 1919, Raymond Passot described excision of the skin and soft tissue above the eyebrows to eliminate wrinkles around the lateral eyes and above the brow. In the ensuing decades, the entire forehead became the focus of rhytidectomy, and various placements of incisions and degrees of undermining within the forehead and scalp were proposed. The early techniques did not produce long-lasting results until it was determined, in the 1950s, that incision of the frontalis muscle was required. [2] Modern bicoronal, endoscopic, and other techniques, in which incisions are placed in hidden areas, have eclipsed the direct brow excision in popularity.

Brow ptosis begins as early as the fourth decade of life. It contributes to sagging of the upper eyelid and most often imparts an aged, sad, and tired appearance to the face. Significant upper eyelid hooding may encroach upon the upper visual fields. Brow ptosis and resultant blepharoptosis generates compensatory activity of the frontalis muscle, which, over time, can create horizontal rhytides across the forehead and may contribute to ocular fatigue and headaches. The brow may descend to below the level of the supraorbital ridges.

No single ideal brow appearance is applicable for all patients. Women generally desire thin brows that lie slightly above the supraorbital ridge, with the apex of the arch lateral to the mid pupil. Men typically desire brows that lie at the level of the supraorbital rim and that are less arched. Ethnic variations in desired brow position and shape also must be considered when planning surgery for brow ptosis. [3]

Members of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons performed 43,705 forehead lifts in 2003. [4] This number increased to 112,933 in 2008. [5] The number of direct brow lifts performed is unknown.

The main etiologic factors in brow ptosis are senescence and gravity. The aging face undergoes a loss of tone from a diminution in the amount of elastic fibers, glycosaminoglycans, and collagen in the skin. Loss of underlying fascial and muscle support occurs, and opposition to the forces of gravity is diminished. Because the lateral brow has fewer attachments to the periosteum and has no underlying frontalis muscle, it usually descends more than the medial brow. [6]

See Etiology.

Patients typically present with concerns related to a facial appearance that is aged, tired, or sad. Lateral support is reduced, and more ptosis develops in the lateral brow than in the medial area.

Functional sequelae of brow ptosis, such as deficits in the visual field, headaches, or ocular fatigue, are less common.

For excellent patient education resources, see eMedicineHealth’s patient education article BOTOX® Injections.

Major reasons for performing a direct brow lift include (1) improvement in a visual-field deficit caused by overhanging eyebrow skin, (2) relief of ocular fatigue caused by compensatory overactivity of the frontalis muscle, (3) improvement in cosmetic appearance, and (4) requirement for a simple, expedient procedure. The cosmetic indication is tempered by the creation of scars above the eyebrows. This may be a secondary consideration for patients with marked brow asymmetry after previous traumatic injury.

Direct brow excision is best used in middle-aged or older men with male-pattern baldness, thick eyebrows, and lateral hooding, as depicted in the image below. [7]

Patients who use a thick brow pencil to create the brow also may be candidates because they can conceal the scar with makeup. Scarring may be more obvious in patients with fair-colored eyebrow hair.

Specific physical findings that can be better addressed by other methods of brow lifting include ptosis of the forehead and medial eyebrows, transverse forehead wrinkles, vertical glabellar frown lines, transverse wrinkles at the root of the nose that become exaggerated when the forehead is manually depressed, and a drooping nose.

The tissue layers of the forehead include the skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial galea, frontalis muscle, deep galea, loose areolar tissue, and periosteum. The forehead component of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system is the frontalis muscle with its galeal sleeve. The direct brow lift is an open technique with dissection in a plane superficial to the frontalis and orbicularis muscles, whereas in the bicoronal, midforehead, and endoscopic techniques, the dissection is performed in a subcutaneous, subgaleal, or subperiosteal layer. [8, 9, 10, 11]

The primary elevators of the brow are the paired frontalis muscles. They are vertically oriented and originate from the epicranial galea at the level of the anterior hairline, cover most of the forehead, and insert into the dermis of the lower forehead skin. The main eyebrow depressors are the corrugator supercilii, procerus, and orbicularis oculi muscles. [6]

The 3 nerves on each side of the forehead that are preserved during a direct brow lift are the (1) supraorbital nerve, (2) supratrochlear nerve, and (3) temporal (frontal) branch of the facial nerve. The supratrochlear nerve traverses the most medial aspect of the supraorbital rim and innervates the ipsilateral corrugator muscle. The nerve travels through the corrugator and is easily cut when the muscle is sectioned to treat frown lines.

The supraorbital nerve travels somewhat more laterally over the medial supraorbital rim and divides into 2 branches. The deep branch travels laterally and then superiorly to reach the central frontoparietal scalp and vertex, coursing in a plane between the periosteum and the galea. [12] The superficial branch of the supraorbital nerve divides several times and innervates the central forehead and hairline, coursing through and across the anterior aspect of the frontalis. Both the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves can be damaged when they leave their bony foramina, where they are more adherent and less easily moved or stretched. [13] See the image below.

The temporal (frontal) branches of the facial nerve enter the forehead within 2 cm of the lateral orbital rim, traveling just under the temporoparietal fascia to enter the frontalis muscle laterally; however, one cadaver study found the nerve to course as high as 4 cm above the lateral canthus. [14, 15]

The limited dissection of the direct brow lift avoids the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves, although removing too much subcutaneous tissue laterally can injure the frontal branch of the facial nerve.

While the ideal brow position varies depending on sex and ethnicity, Ellenbogen and Westmore described general criteria for eyebrow position and contour that are helpful when planning and performing the brow lift. [16] See the image below, which corresponds to the following:

See the list below:

The brow should begin medially at a vertical line extending from the ipsilateral alar base and medial canthus (line A-E).

The brow should end laterally at an oblique line extending through the ipsilateral alar base and lateral canthus (line B-E).

The medial and lateral ends of the eyebrow should lie at approximately the same horizontal level (line A-B).

The apex of the brow should lie directly above the lateral limbus of the eye (line C-D).

The brow should arch above the supraorbital rim in women and lie approximately at the level of the rim in men.

These criteria are easier to meet with the direct brow lift than with other procedures because the brow can be precisely positioned on the forehead. [17]

For more information about the relevant anatomy, see Forehead Anatomy and Facial Nerve Anatomy.

Patients who cannot tolerate a scar above the eyebrow are not candidates for the procedure. Inadequate upper eyelid skin is a contraindication to any brow lift; the dearth of eyelid skin is often the result of a previous resection for upper eyelid ptosis, without the realization that a brow lift was indicated.

Pascali M, Bocchini I, Avantaggiato A, et al. Direct brow lifting: Specific indications for a simplified approach to eyebrow ptosis. Indian J Plast Surg. 2016 Jan-Apr. 49 (1):66-71. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Paul MD. The evolution of the brow lift in aesthetic plastic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001 Oct. 108(5):1409-24. [Medline].

Campbell R, Benson PJ, Wallace SB, Doesbergh S, Coleman M. More about brows: how poses that change brow position affect perceptions of gender. Perception. 1999. 28(4):489-504. [Medline].

American Society of Plastic Surgeons. 2003 Plastic Surgery Statistics. Arlington Heights, Ill: American Society of Plastic Surgeons; 2003. [Full Text].

American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS). National Clearinghouse of Plastic Surgery Statistics. 2009 Report of the 2008 Statistics. ASPS Web site. Available at http://www.plasticsurgery.org/Media/stats/2008-US-cosmetic-reconstructive-plastic-surgery-minimally-invasive-statistics.pdf. Accessed: July 23, 2009.

Thorne CHM, Aston SJ. Forehead/brow lift. Aston SJ, Beasley RW, Thorne CHM, eds. Grabb and Smith’s Plastic Surgery. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1997.

McKinney P, Mossie RD, Zukowski ML. Criteria for the forehead lift. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1991. 15(2):141-7. [Medline].

Johnson CM Jr, Anderson JR, Katz RB. The brow-lift 1978. Arch Otolaryngol. 1979 Mar. 105(3):124-6. [Medline].

Fett DR, Sutcliffe RT, Baylis HI. The coronal brow lift. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983 Dec. 96(6):751-4. [Medline].

Johnson CM Jr, Waldman SR. Midforehead lift. Arch Otolaryngol. 1983 Mar. 109(3):155-9. [Medline].

Withey S, Witherow H, Waterhouse N. One hundred cases of endoscopic brow lift. Br J Plast Surg. 2002 Jan. 55(1):20-4. [Medline].

Knize DM. A study of the supraorbital nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995 Sep. 96(3):564-9. [Medline].

Seckel BR. Facial Danger Zones: Avoiding Nerve Injury in Facial Plastic Surgery. St. Louis, Mo: Quality Medical Publishing; 1994.

Stuzin JM, Wagstrom L, Kawamoto HK, Wolfe SA. Anatomy of the frontal branch of the facial nerve: the significance of the temporal fat pad. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989 Feb. 83(2):265-71. [Medline].

Ishikawa Y. An anatomical study on the distribution of the temporal branch of the facial nerve. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1990 Oct. 18(7):287-92. [Medline].

Ellenbogen R. Transcoronal eyebrow lift with concomitant upper blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983 Apr. 71(4):490-9. [Medline].

Freund RM, Nolan WB 3rd. Correlation between brow lift outcomes and aesthetic ideals for eyebrow height and shape in females. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996 Jun. 97(7):1343-8. [Medline].

Ahn MS, Catten M, Maas CS. Temporal brow lift using botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000 Mar. 105(3):1129-35; discussion 1136-9. [Medline].

Rafaty FM, Brennan HG. Current concepts of browpexy. Arch Otolaryngol. 1983 Mar. 109(3):152-4. [Medline].

Marks MW, Marks C, McGrew L, eds. Aesthetic facial surgery: forehead-brow lift. Fundamentals of Plastic Surgery. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1997.

Tyers AG. Brow lift via the direct and trans-blepharoplasty approaches. Orbit. 2006 Dec. 25(4):261-5. [Medline].

Georgescu D, Anderson RL, McCann JD. Brow ptosis correction: a comparison of five techniques. Facial Plast Surg. 2010 Aug. 26(3):186-92. [Medline].

Lewis JR Jr. A method of direct eyebrow lift. Ann Plast Surg. 1983 Feb. 10(2):115-9. [Medline].

Rafaty FM, Goode RL, Fee WE Jr. The brow-lift operation. Arch Otolaryngol. 1975 Aug. 101(8):467-8. [Medline].

Stacey AW, Czyz CN, Kondapalli SS, et al. Risk of ocular blood splatter during oculofacial plastic surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015 May-Jun. 31 (3):182-6. [Medline].

Cassileth BR. Evaluating complementary and alternative therapies for cancer patients. CA Cancer J Clin. 1999 Nov-Dec. 49(6):362-75. [Medline].

Ernst E, Cassileth BR. The prevalence of complementary/alternative medicine in cancer: a systematic review. Cancer. 1998 Aug 15. 83(4):777-82. [Medline].

Passot R. La chururgie esthetique des rides du visage. Presse Med. 1919. 27:258.

Daniel N Ronel, MD, FAAP, FACS Clinical Assistant Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico School of Medicine

Daniel N Ronel, MD, FAAP, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Martin I Newman, MD, FACS Consulting Surgical Staff, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Associate Program Director and Educational Director of Plastic Surgery Resident Program, Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida

Martin I Newman, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Florida Medical Association, Florida Society of Plastic Surgeons, Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, Southeastern Surgical Congress, International Confederation for Plastic and Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anthony Labruna, MD 

Anthony Labruna, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Rhinologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mia Talmor, MD 

Mia Talmor, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Jorge I de la Torre, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chief, Division of Plastic Surgery, Residency Program Director, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine; Director, Center for Advanced Surgical Aesthetics

Jorge I de la Torre, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, Association for Academic Surgery, Medical Association of the State of Alabama

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Zubin J Panthaki, MD, CM, FACS, FRCSC Professor of Clinical Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Associate Professor Clinical Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine; Chief of Hand Surgery, University of Miami Hospital; Chief of Hand Surgery, Chief of Plastic Surgery, Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital

Zubin J Panthaki, MD, CM, FACS, FRCSC is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, Miami Society of Plastic Surgeons, Medical Council of Canada, Canadian Military Engineers Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

R C A Weatherley-White, MD, MA(Cantab), FACS, FAAP, FRSM Associate Clinical Professor in Surgery (Plastic), University of Colorado School of Medicine; Medical Director, Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Center, Rose Medical Center

R C A Weatherley-White, MD, MA(Cantab), FACS, FAAP, FRSM is a member of the following medical societies: American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Colorado Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Direct Brow Lift Procedures

Research & References of Direct Brow Lift Procedures|A&C Accounting And Tax Services
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Direct Brow Lift Procedures

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