Thyroid Cancer Staging
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The TNM classification for thyroid cancer is provided below. [1, 2]
Table. TNM Classification for Thyroid Cancer (Open Table in a new window)
Primary tumor (T)
TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor is found
T1
Tumor size ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension and is limited to the thyroid
T1a
Tumor ≤ 1 cm, limited to the thyroid
T1b
Tumor > 1 cm but ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid
T2
Tumor size > 2 cm but ≤ 4 cm, limited to the thyroid.
T3
Tumor size >4 cm, limited to the thyroid or any tumor with minimal extrathyroidal extension (eg, extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues)
T4a
Moderately advanced disease; tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve
T4b
Very advanced disease; tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessel
All anaplastic carcinomas are considered stage IV:
T4a
Intrathyroidal anaplastic carcinoma
T4b
Anaplastic carcinoma with gross extrathyroid extension
Regional lymph nodes (N)
Regional lymph nodes are the central compartment, lateral cervical, and upper mediastinal lymph nodes:
NX
Regional nodes cannot be assessed
N0
No regional lymph node metastasis
N1
Regional lymph node metastasis
N1a
Metastases to level VI (pretracheal, paratracheal, and prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes)
N1b
Metastases to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral cervical (levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (level VII)
Distant metastasis (M)
M0
No distant metastasis is found
M1
Distant metastasis is present
Table. Stage grouping (Open Table in a new window)
Stage grouping
Separate stage groupings are recommended for papillary or follicular (differentiated), medullary, and anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma
Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (age < 45y):
Stage
T
N
M
I
Any T
Any N
M0
II
Any T
Any N
M1
Papillary and follicular; differentiated (age ≥ 45y):
Stage
T
N
M
I
T1
N0
M0
II
T2
N0
M0
III
T3
N0
M0
IVA
T1-3
N1a
M0
T4a
N1b
M0
IVB
T4b
Any N
M0
IVC
Any T
Any N
M1
Anaplastic carcinoma (all anaplastic carcinomas are considered stage IV):
Stage
T
N
M
IVA
T4a
Any N
M0
IVB
T4b
Any N
M0
IVC
Any T
Any N
M1
Medullary carcinoma (all age groups):
Stage
T
N
M
I
T1
N0
M0
II
T2, T3
N0
M0
III
T1-T3
N1a
M0
IVA
T4a
N0
M0
T4a
N1a
M0
T1
N1b
M0
T2
N1b
M0
T3
N1b
M0
T4a
N1b
M0
T4a
N0, N1b
M0
T1-T4a
N1b
M0
IVB
T4b
Any N
M0
IVC
Any T
Any N
M1
Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 7th ed. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2010.
NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Thyroid Carcinoma. V.2.2013. Available at http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/thyroid.pdf. Accessed: September 5, 2013.
Primary tumor (T)
TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor is found
T1
Tumor size ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension and is limited to the thyroid
T1a
Tumor ≤ 1 cm, limited to the thyroid
T1b
Tumor > 1 cm but ≤ 2 cm in greatest dimension, limited to the thyroid
T2
Tumor size > 2 cm but ≤ 4 cm, limited to the thyroid.
T3
Tumor size >4 cm, limited to the thyroid or any tumor with minimal extrathyroidal extension (eg, extension to sternothyroid muscle or perithyroid soft tissues)
T4a
Moderately advanced disease; tumor of any size extending beyond the thyroid capsule to invade subcutaneous soft tissues, larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve
T4b
Very advanced disease; tumor invades prevertebral fascia or encases carotid artery or mediastinal vessel
All anaplastic carcinomas are considered stage IV:
T4a
Intrathyroidal anaplastic carcinoma
T4b
Anaplastic carcinoma with gross extrathyroid extension
Regional lymph nodes (N)
Regional lymph nodes are the central compartment, lateral cervical, and upper mediastinal lymph nodes:
NX
Regional nodes cannot be assessed
N0
No regional lymph node metastasis
N1
Regional lymph node metastasis
N1a
Metastases to level VI (pretracheal, paratracheal, and prelaryngeal/Delphian lymph nodes)
N1b
Metastases to unilateral, bilateral, or contralateral cervical (levels I, II, III, IV, or V) or retropharyngeal or superior mediastinal lymph nodes (level VII)
Distant metastasis (M)
M0
No distant metastasis is found
M1
Distant metastasis is present
Stage grouping
Separate stage groupings are recommended for papillary or follicular (differentiated), medullary, and anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma
Papillary and follicular thyroid cancer (age < 45y):
Stage
T
N
M
I
Any T
Any N
M0
II
Any T
Any N
M1
Papillary and follicular; differentiated (age ≥ 45y):
Stage
T
N
M
I
T1
N0
M0
II
T2
N0
M0
III
T3
N0
M0
IVA
T1-3
N1a
M0
T4a
N1b
M0
IVB
T4b
Any N
M0
IVC
Any T
Any N
M1
Anaplastic carcinoma (all anaplastic carcinomas are considered stage IV):
Stage
T
N
M
IVA
T4a
Any N
M0
IVB
T4b
Any N
M0
IVC
Any T
Any N
M1
Medullary carcinoma (all age groups):
Stage
T
N
M
I
T1
N0
M0
II
T2, T3
N0
M0
III
T1-T3
N1a
M0
IVA
T4a
N0
M0
T4a
N1a
M0
T1
N1b
M0
T2
N1b
M0
T3
N1b
M0
T4a
N1b
M0
T4a
N0, N1b
M0
T1-T4a
N1b
M0
IVB
T4b
Any N
M0
IVC
Any T
Any N
M1
Eric J Lentsch, MD Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Christopher D Braden, DO Hematologist/Oncologist, Chancellor Center for Oncology at Deaconess Hospital; Medical Director, Deaconess Hospital Outpatient Infusion Centers; Chairman, Deaconess Hospital Cancer Committee
Christopher D Braden, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jules E Harris, MD, FACP, FRCPC Clinical Professor of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center
Jules E Harris, MD, FACP, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Society of Hematology, Central Society for Clinical and Translational Research, American Society of Clinical Oncology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Thyroid Cancer Staging
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