Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

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Ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) encompasses the ocular signs and symptoms that result from chronic vascular insufficiency. Common anterior segment findings include advanced cataract, anterior segment inflammation, and iris neovascularization. Posterior segment signs include narrowed retinal arteries, dilated but nontortuous retinal veins, midperipheral dot-and-blot retinal hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and optic nerve/retinal neovascularization. The presenting symptoms include ocular pain and abrupt or gradual visual loss. ^{[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]}

The most common etiology of OIS is severe unilateral or bilateral atherosclerotic disease of the internal carotid artery or marked stenosis at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. OIS may also be caused by giant cell arteritis. It is postulated that the decreased vascular perfusion results in tissue hypoxia and increased ocular ischemia, leading to neovascularization. ^{[3, 8, 9]}

United States

The true incidence of OIS is unknown. It is estimated that approximately 5% of patients with marked carotid artery stenosis present with OIS. By extrapolating data from previous studies, and by applying it to the population of the United States, approximately 1800 new cases (7.5 cases per 1 million population) are encountered per year.

The 5-year mortality rate in patients with OIS is about 40%. The leading cause of death is cardiac disease, followed by stroke and cancer. Predisposing risk factors for atherosclerosis (eg, hypertension, diabetes mellitus) have a higher prevalence in patients with OIS than in age-matched populations.

Males are affected more frequently than females, by a ratio of approximately 2:1.

OIS mainly affects elderly patients. The age range is 50-80 years, with a mean age range of 65-68 years. OIS is uncommon in patients younger than 50 years.

Patients with ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) have a poor visual prognosis. ^{[10, 11, 12]}

The presence of iris neovascularization is an indicator of poor visual prognosis.

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Igal Leibovitch, MD Consulting Staff, Oculoplastic and Orbital Division, Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Israel

Igal Leibovitch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Diego Calonje, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, Private Practice

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sherif M El-Harazi, MD, MPH Private Practice in Ophthalmology

Sherif M El-Harazi, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, International Society of Refractive Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Steve Charles, MD Founder and CEO of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine

Disclosure: Received royalty and consulting fees for: Alcon Laboratories.

Andrew G Lee, MD Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital; Clinical Professor, Associate Program Director, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine; Clinical Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurological Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; Clinical Associate Professor, University of Buffalo, State University of New York School of Medicine

Andrew G Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Geriatrics Society, Houston Neurological Society, Houston Ophthalmological Society, International Council of Ophthalmology, North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, Texas Ophthalmological Association

Disclosure: Received ownership interest from Credential Protection for other.

V Al Pakalnis, MD, PhD Professor of Ophthalmology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Chief of Ophthalmology, Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center

V Al Pakalnis, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Ryan I Huffman, MD, with the literature review and referencing for this article.

Ocular Ischemic Syndrome

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