Cytomegalovirus Organism-Specific Therapy 

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Organism-specific therapeutic and prophylactic regimens for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are provided below, including those for patients with HIV-associated CMV retinitis; those with pneumonia, hepatitis, and gastrointestinal (GI) CMV infection; and those who have undergone transplant procedures. ^{[1, 2, 3]}

See the list below:

Initial induction therapy followed by maintenance therapy

Therapy is continued until immune reconstitution occurs

Preferred regimen:

Ganciclovir intraocular implantplus

Valganciclovir 900 mg PO BID for 21d, then 900 mg/day PO

Alternative regimens:

Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV q12h for 14d, then ganciclovir (5 mg/kg IV once daily or 6 mg/kg IV once daily for 5d/wk) or valganciclovir 900 mg/day PO or

Foscarnet 90 mg/kg IV q12h for 14d, then 90 mg/kg IV daily or

Cidofovir 5 mg/kg IV once weekly for 2wk, then 5 mg/kg IV once weekly

Preferred regimens:

Valganciclovir 900 mg PO BID for 14-28d or

Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV q12h for 14-28d

In transplant patients, therapy is continued until clearance of viremia is documented

Alternative regimens:

Foscarnet 90 mg/kg IV q12h for 14-28d or

Cidofovir 5 mg/kg IV once weekly for 2wk, then 5 mg/kg IV once every 2wk or

Leflunomide 100 mg/day PO (not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration [FDA] for this indication) ^[4] or

CMV IV immune globulin (150 mg/kg twice weekly for 2 wk, then weekly for 4wk) should also be given for pneumonitis in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients or for refractory CMV infection in any setting

Solid-organ transplant:

Valganciclovir 900 mg/day PO for 3-6mo after transplant or

Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV daily for 3-6mo after transplant

HCT:

Ganciclovir 5 mg/kg IV q12h for 5-7d beginning at engraftment, then 5 mg/kg IV once daily until 100d after transplant or

Foscarnet 60 mg/kg IV q12h for 7d, then 90-120 mg/kg IV once daily until 100d after transplant or

Valganciclovir 2 g PO TID until 100d after transplant

See the list below:

Preemptive treatment is an alternative to prophylaxis

Preemptive treatment requires frequent (once- or twice weekly) monitoring for evidence of CMV replication on antigen assay or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

If viremia is detected, begin induction treatment; various centers use different protocols once viremia is suppressed

See the list below:

Ganciclovir dosing must be adjusted in renal failure – For a creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 50-79 mL/min, the daily dose is reduced by 50%; for CrCl 25-49 mL/min, by 75%; for CrCl 10-24 mL/min, by 87.5%

Valganciclovir dosing must be adjusted in renal failure – For CrCl 40-59 mL/min, the daily dose is reduced by 50%; for CrCl 25-39 mL/min, by 75%; for CrCl 10-24 mL/min, by 87.5%

Foscarnet dosing must be adjusted in renal failure – For CrCl 72-98 mL/min, the daily dose is reduced by 22%; for CrCl 58-71 mL/min, by 45%; for CrCl 43-57 mL/min, by 56%; for CrCl 36-42 mL/min, by 67%; for CrCl 29-35 mL/min, by 72%; for CrCl < 29mL/min, foscarnet is not recommended

Cidofovir dosing is complicated; refer to manufacturer’s package insert

Toxicity may be the limiting factor for the administration of ganciclovir (neutropenia), valganciclovir (neutropenia), foscarnet (nephrotoxicity), and cidofovir (nephrotoxicity)

Diagnostic modalities include quantitative CMV DNA PCR (preferred in transplant settings), antigen assay, viral culture, and histopathology (intranuclear inclusions)

CMV resistance mutations should be suspected in patients who initially respond to anti-CMV treatment and subsequently develop an increasing viral load despite compliance with drug therapy; they should also be suspected if the patient’s condition deteriorates on ganciclovir therapy ^[5]

Benson CA, Kaplan JE, Masur H, et al. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Dec 17. 53(RR-15):1-112. [Medline].

Humar A, Snydman D. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009 Dec. 9 Suppl 4:S78-86. [Medline].

Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al. International consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Transplantation. 2010 Apr 15. 89(7):779-95. [Medline].

Avery RK, Mossad SB, Poggio E, et al. Utility of leflunomide in the treatment of complex cytomegalovirus syndromes. Transplantation. 2010 Aug 27. 90(4):419-26. [Medline].

Eid AJ, Arthurs SK, Deziel PJ, et al. Emergence of drug-resistant cytomegalovirus in the era of valganciclovir prophylaxis: therapeutic implications and outcomes. Clin Transplant. 2008 Mar-Apr. 22(2):162-70. [Medline].

Kauser Akhter, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine; Associate Program Director, Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Orlando Health

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas E Herchline, MD Professor of Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine; Medical Consultant, Public Health, Dayton and Montgomery County (Ohio) Tuberculosis Clinic

Thomas E Herchline, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of Ohio

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Cytomegalovirus Organism-Specific Therapy 

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