Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) Staging
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The American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor/node/metastasis (TNM) classification for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) is provided below, along with anatomic stage/prognostic groups. [1]
Table 1. TNM classification of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (Open Table in a new window)
Primary tumor (T)
TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor
T1
Tumor ≤ 2 cm
T2
Tumor > 2 cm but ≤ 5 cm
T3
Tumor > 5 cm but ≤ 10 cm
T4
Tumor > 10 cm in greatest dimension
Regional lymph nodes (N)
N0
No regional lymph node metastasis
N1
Regional lymph node metastasis
Distant metastasis (M)
M0
No distant metastasis
M1
Distant metastasis
Table 2. Histologic grade (Open Table in a new window)
Histologic grade (G)
GX
Grade cannot be assessed
G1
Low grade; mitotic rate 5/50 per high-power field (HPF) or less
G2
High grade; mitotic rate > 5/50 HPF
Table 3. Anatomic stage/prognostic groups for gastric and omental GISTs (Open Table in a new window)
Stage
T
N
M
Mitotic rate
IA
T1 or T2
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IB
T3
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
II
T1
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T2
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T4
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IIIA
T3
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
IIIB
T4
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
IV
Any T
N1
M0
Any rate
Any T
Any N
M1
Any rate
Table 4. Anatomic stage/prognostic groups for small intestinal, esophageal, colorectal, mesentric, and peritoneal GISTs (Open Table in a new window)
Stage
T
N
M
Mitotic rate
I
T1 or T2
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
II
T3
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IIIA
T1
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T4
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IIIB
T2
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T3
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T4
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
IV
Any T
N1
M0
Any rate
Any T
Any N
M1
Any rate
The decision whether to pursue adjuvant treatment depends on an estimation of risk of recurrence, which is typically based on the following factors [2, 3] :
Table 5. Modified National Institutes of Health risk stratification criteria for GIST
Table. (Open Table in a new window)
American Joint Committee on Cancer. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, Byrd DR, Brookland RK, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th edition. New York, NY: Springer; 2016. 226-232. [Full Text].
Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. Int J Surg Path. 2002 Apr 01. 10 (2):81-89. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Huang HY, Li CF, Huang WW, et al. A modification of NIH consensus criteria to better distinguish the highly lethal subset of primary localized gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a subdivision of the original high-risk group on the basis of outcome. Surgery. 2007 may 04. 141 (6):748-756. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Primary tumor (T)
TX
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0
No evidence of primary tumor
T1
Tumor ≤ 2 cm
T2
Tumor > 2 cm but ≤ 5 cm
T3
Tumor > 5 cm but ≤ 10 cm
T4
Tumor > 10 cm in greatest dimension
Regional lymph nodes (N)
N0
No regional lymph node metastasis
N1
Regional lymph node metastasis
Distant metastasis (M)
M0
No distant metastasis
M1
Distant metastasis
Histologic grade (G)
GX
Grade cannot be assessed
G1
Low grade; mitotic rate 5/50 per high-power field (HPF) or less
G2
High grade; mitotic rate > 5/50 HPF
Stage
T
N
M
Mitotic rate
IA
T1 or T2
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IB
T3
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
II
T1
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T2
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T4
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IIIA
T3
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
IIIB
T4
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
IV
Any T
N1
M0
Any rate
Any T
Any N
M1
Any rate
Stage
T
N
M
Mitotic rate
I
T1 or T2
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
II
T3
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IIIA
T1
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T4
N0
M0
Low mitotic rate
IIIB
T2
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T3
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
T4
N0
M0
High mitotic rate
IV
Any T
N1
M0
Any rate
Any T
Any N
M1
Any rate
Shamudheen Rafiyath, MD Hematologist/Oncologist, Arizona Oncology
Shamudheen Rafiyath, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Christopher D Braden, DO Hematologist/Oncologist, Chancellor Center for Oncology at Deaconess Hospital; Medical Director, Deaconess Hospital Outpatient Infusion Centers; Chairman, Deaconess Hospital Cancer Committee
Christopher D Braden, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Clinical Oncology, American Society of Hematology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
N Joseph Espat, MD, MS, FACS Harold J Wanebo Professor of Surgery, Assistant Dean of Clinical Affairs, Boston University School of Medicine; Chairman, Department of Surgery, Director, Adele R Decof Cancer Center, Roger Williams Medical Center
N Joseph Espat, MD, MS, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Americas Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Association for Academic Surgery, Central Surgical Association, Chicago Medical Society, International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association, Pancreas Club, Sigma Xi, Society for Leukocyte Biology, Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Society of Surgical Oncology, Society of University Surgeons, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Medical Association, Surgical Infection Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Terence D Rhodes, MD, PhD Medical Oncologist, Intermountain Medical Group
Terence D Rhodes, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Clinical Oncology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) Staging
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