Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
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Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy refers to a group of disorders that cause weakness and wasting of the muscles around the shoulders and hips.
All patients have a history of progressive, symmetric proximal muscle weakness that usually starts in childhood to young adulthood. Pelvic muscle weakness is most often the first symptom. Other symptoms may include the following:
Asymmetric or distal weakness (rare)
Respiratory failure
Cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrhythmias
Scapular winging
Calf hypertrophy
Contractures/rigid spine
See Clinical Presentation for more detail.
Muscle biopsy and genetic testing are the most important tools used in the diagnostic evaluation of patients in whom limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is suspected.
Creatine kinase is also used for diagnosis because autosomal recessive LGMDs often cause extremely high CK levels.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can help differentiate forms of LGMD.
See Workup for more detail.
No specific treatment is available for any of the LGMD syndromes, though aggressive supportive care is essential to preserve muscle function, maximize functional ability, and prolong life expectancy.
Aggressive use of passive stretching, bracing, and orthopedic procedures allow the patient to remain independent for as long as possible.
Orthopedic surgery may be needed to help correct or prevent contractures and scoliosis.
See Treatment and Medication for more detail.
Walton and Nattrass first proposed limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) as a nosological entity in 1954. [1] Their definition included the following characteristics:
Expression in either male or female sex
Onset usually in the late first or second decade of life (but also middle age)
Usually autosomal recessive and less frequently autosomal dominant
Involvement of shoulder or pelvic-girdle muscles with variable rates of progression
Severe disability within 20-30 years
Muscular pseudohypertrophy and/or contractures uncommon
This classification allowed for a wide range of phenotypic variability. Improved diagnostic methods have demonstrated that a large group of neuromuscular disorders, including some that were not truly LGMD, were included in this definition.
LGMD classification has been revolutionized with the advent of molecular genetics. The most common classification scheme is based on clinical and molecular characteristics. It divides cases into autosomal dominant (LGMD1) and autosomal recessive (LGMD2) syndromes. This list continues to expand, and, as of this writing, specific mutations listed on OMIM are known for 7 autosomal dominant LGMDs and 23 autosomal recessive LGMDs. Overlap exists with Congenital Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) as several gene mutations can cause both a LGMD and CMD phenotype.
Although not truly limb-girdle syndromes, diseases classified as myofibrillar myopathies share several phenotypic characteristics with the LGMDs. They are usually adult-onset diseases with slowly progressive weakness involving proximal (and distal) muscles. Many patients have respiratory failure, cardiomyopathy, and neuropathy. Some mutations can cause both a myofibrillar myopathy and a muscular dystrophy phenotype.
Cardinal morphologic features of myofibrillar myopathies on muscle biopsy are vacuolated muscle fibers and inclusions that were initially given different names in the 1970s. In 1980, desmin was noted to accumulate in the inclusions, and the name desmin storage myopathy was coined. However, in the mid 1990s, other proteins were also found to accumulate in the abnormal muscle fibers, and molecular genetic studies revealed several chromosomal loci. Since then, the relatively generic term myofibrillar myopathy has been adopted. These diseases are discussed here in part because mutations in 2 genes can present with either an LGMD or a myofibrillar myopathy phenotype.
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) protein defects occur in several pathways involved in the biologic function of muscle and can be divided into groups based on cellular localization. These include proteins associated with the sarcolemma (see image below), proteins associated with the contractile apparatus (see image below), and various enzymes involved in muscle function. However, although the primary defect in many LGMDs is known, the precise mechanism leading to the dystrophic phenotype has not always been elucidated. Specific protein function and abnormalities are discussed below with each LGMD.
The cause of myofibrillar myopathies is unknown but is discussed below for each of the different mutations that have been associated with the disease. Of interest, several mutations that result in myofibrillar myopathy are in genes that code for Z-disk proteins.
LGMD subtypes based on pathophysiological mechanism [2]
Autosomal recessive LGMDs are more common than the autosomal dominant forms of the disease, which probably account for about 10% of all LGMDs. The overall frequency of all LGMD syndromes has been estimated to be 5-70 per 1 million population in several countries.
Different populations often have different frequencies of the various LGMDs.
Several studies throughout the world have estimated the frequency of LGMDs based on immunochemical and genetic testing. [3, 4, 5, 6, 7] In many studies, LGMD2A is the most common, accounting for 8-26% of all LGMDs. In some populations, it may be the only LGMD present (Reunion Island, Basque Country) with very high prevalence rates (48-69 cases per million). LGMD2B is also relatively common, accounting for 3-19% of all LGMDs. LGMD2I is common in certain parts of Northern Europe (Denmark and parts of England), but worldwide frequencies outside this area account for 3-8% of all LGMDs.
The sarcoglycanopathies as a group (LGMD2C-LGMD2F) are a common cause of LGMDs, accounting for 3-18%, with a high percentage of severe cases. As with other LGMDs, different sarcoglycanopathies are overrepresented or underrepresented in different populations, with some populations having representative cases of all 4 sarcoglycanopathies and other populations having only 1 mutation type, which is probably related to founder effects and population inbreeding (consanguinity). LGMD2C is common in Tunisia; LGMD2D is common in Europe, the United States, and Brazil; and LGMD2E and LGMD2F are common in Brazil. Overall, LGMD2D (α-sarcoglycanopathy) is twice as common as LGMD2C (γ-sarcoglycanopathy) and LGMD2E (β-sarcoglycanopathy), and LGMD2F (δ-sarcoglycanopathy) is the rarest.
All the congenital muscular dystrophies can present with a LGMD phenotype, and OMIM recognizes 4 at this time (LGMD2I, LGMD2K, LGMD2M, LGMD2N).
Morbidity and mortality rates vary. With early onset, the course is generally rapid.
Patients can become wheelchair bound in their early teens and die from respiratory complications in their late teens.
Patients with slowly progressive LGMD may be able to ambulate for more than 30 years after disease onset, and they may not become wheelchair bound until much later than their teens. Some patients with confirmed mutations have had nearly normal strength.
LGMD is reported in races and countries throughout the world.
Autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms of LGMD affect both sexes equally.
The age of onset varies among the different mutations. It also can vary among families with the same mutation. Reported age of onset of LGMDs is between 1 and 50 years, although some patients may be asymptomatic. Myofibrillar myopathies can present in the first decade of life up until the 60s or 70s.
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Glenn Lopate, MD Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, Barnes-Jewish Hospital
Glenn Lopate, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals; GLG.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, MHA, CPE Co-Founder and Former Chief Publishing Officer, eMedicine and eMedicine Health, Founding Editor-in-Chief, eMedicine Neurology; Founder and Former Chairman and CEO, Pearlsreview; Founder and CEO/CMO, PHLT Consultants; Chief Medical Officer, MeMD Inc
Nicholas Lorenzo, MD, MHA, CPE is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Association for Physician Leadership
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Raj D Sheth, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Nemours Children’s Clinic; Professor of Neurology, Mayo College of Medicine; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine
Raj D Sheth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, American Neurological Association, Child Neurology Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy
Research & References of Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy|A&C Accounting And Tax Services
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