Ocular Cryotherapy
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Ocular cryotherapy is the therapeutic use of cold temperatures to treat disorders of the lids or eyes. Cryotherapy has been used in ophthalmology since the mid-1960s. With the exception of cataract extraction, ocular cryotherapy is generally used as a surface technique, with the probe being applied to the lids or eye without any incision into the tissue. Because of the absence of an incision, it is considered to be a less invasive type of procedure than incisional surgery.
Medical use of cryotherapy is based on the tissue changes induced by subfreezing temperatures. Living tissue responds to extremely cold temperatures through ice formation, both within cells and also in the extra cellular fluid surrounding cells. In addition, subfreezing temperatures cause ice formation within small blood vessels, interrupting blood supply to adjacent cells. A combination of these factors destroys living tissue through ischemia and necrosis and induce inflammation as a response to cell death.
There are many applications of cryosurgery in the field of ophthalmology; the most significant of these are summarized below. The only significant contraindications are active infection (bacterial, viral, or fungal) of the ocular surface or eyelids and lack of cooperation on the part of the patient.
Cryoextraction of cataracts was the first well-accepted use of ocular cryotherapy. During the 1950s and 1960s, cataract surgery was performed through a 10-12 mm incision with the cataractous lens being removed totally. The lens was grasped with a capsule forceps or a suction device. Lens breakage was common because of the delicacy of the lens capsule (the outer covering of the lens). In the mid 1960s, a cryoprobe was first used for lens extraction. During the 1970s, this became the most widely used method of cataract extraction.
Retinal cryopexy continues to be used as a means of repairing retinal breaks (holes or tears), which have long been recognized to be the cause of most retinal detachments. Application of cold to the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium yields cell death and subsequent scarring, resulting in sealing of the edges of retinal breaks.
Retinal cryopexy is also widely used during scleral buckling procedures for retinal detachment and pneumatic retinopexies for retinal detachment. It is sometimes performed at the time of pars plana vitrectomy to induce chorioretinal adhesions, though it has largely been replaced by endolaser techniques in this setting.
Other applications of cryotherapy in ophthalmology include the following:
Cyclocryopexy for advanced glaucoma – In severe intractable glaucoma that is not amenable to conventional glaucoma medication or surgery, ocular cryopexy applied to the ciliary body through a transscleral application can reduce aqueous production, thereby lowering intraocular pressure
Peripheral retinal cryoablation for neovascular glaucoma – Destruction of the peripheral retina by means of cryotherapy can cause iris neovascularization to recede in neovascular glaucoma
Retinal cryoablation for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) – In multicenter prospective clinical trials, destruction of the peripheral retina in premature infants with ROP slows disease progression and improves the chance of maintenance of vision; ocular cryotherapy has markedly altered the prognosis of ROP
Retinal cryoablation for peripheral uveitis (intermediate uveitis or pars planitis) – Destruction of the far peripheral retina can reduce peripheral uveitis and cause improvement in macular edema secondary to peripheral uveitis
Transconjunctival cryotherapy for retinal toxoplasmosis – Active toxoplasmic lesions in the peripheral retina can be treated with transconjunctival cryotherapy; Toxoplasma gondii organisms are destroyed by extreme cold
Retinal cryoablation for Coats disease – This most likely basis for this use a decrease in production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by the peripheral retina and a subsequent decrease in vascular proliferation
Peripheral retinal cryoablation to induce regression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy – Although this approach has been used successfully, it has largely been supplanted by panretinal photocoagulation with an argon laser, which has greater efficacy [1, 2, 3]
Transconjunctival cryopexy for larva migrans of the eye – The intraocular nematode in this condition (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati) can be destroyed by transconjunctival cryopexy if it is located away from the posterior retina
Peripheral cryoablation of the retina and choroid for retinal vasculitis of various etiologies
Cryoablation of malignant peripheral melanomas of the choroid or ciliary body – This allows salvage of vision and the eye in selected cases
Cryoablation of retinoblastomas – Peripheral retinoblastomas can be successfully treated with transconjunctival or transscleral cryopexy
Cryoablation of metastatic lesions to the choroid. These secondary malignancies (most commonly from the breast or lung) can be destroyed with cryosurgery if their location is peripheral enough
Cryosurgery for conjunctival neoplasias of the epithelium – This can be considered as an alternative to surgical excision
Cryotherapy for malignancies of the lids (eg, basal cell carcinomas)
Freezing of lash roots for recurrent trichiasis
Cryotherapy requires a substance that is extremely cold (ie, a cryogen) and a delivery system by which the cold can be brought into contact with the target tissue. Commonly used cryogens include liquid nitrogen, which has a boiling temperature of –196°C; carbon dioxide snow, which has a boiling temperature of –79°C; and liquid argon or Freon, which has a boiling temperature of –35°C. These substances can be applied to tissue either with an aerosol spray or with a cryoprobe.
A cryoprobe is a closed system where the cryogen is circulated within a metal probe and the cold probe is applied to the tissue. Specifically, the probe is supplied with a cryogen (eg, liquid nitrogen) from a pressurized source. Liquid nitrogen converts to gaseous nitrogen within the probe, cooling the probe to extremely low temperatures.
The probe is made of 3 long concentric tubes. The inner tube serves as a conduit for liquid nitrogen flow to the tip of the probe. The space between the inner tube and the middle tube serves as a path for the return of gaseous nitrogen from the tip. The tip of the probe is a chamber into which the liquid nitrogen flows from the inner tube and from which the gaseous nitrogen returns through the space between the inner and middle tubes. Freezing takes place in the tissue around the chamber on the tip of the probe.
The amount and rate of tissue destruction are related to the temperature of the cryogen, the size of the cryoprobe, the circulation to the tissue involved, the type of tissue being treated, and the duration of the cryogen application. Cryotherapy has both immediate and delayed effects on tissue.
The freezing propagates from the tip of the probe outward into tissue. The cells near the probe surface will be cooled more rapidly and to lower temperatures than those farther away from the probe. The cells at different locations in the frozen tissue will be at different temperatures for various periods of time as a function of their distance from the probe surface, the cooling fluid employed, the shape of the cryosurgical probes, and the type of tissue frozen.
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Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center
Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Hampton Roy, Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy, Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ocular Cryotherapy
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