Globe Rupture
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Globe rupture occurs when the integrity of the outer membranes of the eye is disrupted by blunt or penetrating trauma. Any full-thickness injury to the cornea, sclera, or both is considered an open globe injury and is approached in the same manner in the acute setting. Globe rupture is an ophthalmologic emergency and requires definitive management by an ophthalmologist. Although the globe’s position within the orbit protects it from injury in many situations, damage to the posterior segment of the eye is associated with a very high frequency of permanent visual loss. Prompt recognition and ophthalmologic intervention are essential to maximizing functional outcome.
Globe rupture secondary to trauma is shown in the image below.
Globe rupture may occur when a blunt object impacts the orbit, compressing the globe along the anterior-posterior axis causing an elevation in intraocular pressure to a point that the sclera tears. Ruptures from blunt trauma are most common at the sites where the sclera is thinnest, at the insertions of the extraocular muscles, at the limbus, and at the site of previous intraocular surgery. [1, 2] Sharp objects or those traveling at high velocity may perforate the globe directly. Small foreign bodies may penetrate the eye and remain within the globe. The possibility of globe rupture should be considered and ruled out during the evaluation of all blunt and penetrating orbital traumas as well as in all cases involving high-speed projectiles with potential for ocular penetration.
United States
More than 2 million eye injuries occur in the United States annually, with more than 40,000 resulting in some degree of permanent visual impairment. Trauma to the eye represents approximately 3% of all ED visits in the United States. [3] One third of all cases of childhood blindness result from ocular trauma.
Globe rupture and posterior segment injury have always been associated with a high frequency of visual loss. With modern diagnostic techniques, surgical approaches, and rehabilitation, many eyes can be salvaged with retention of vision. [4]
Patients should not be given a hopeful prognosis until full, usually operative, evaluation is complete. Predictors of poor final visual acuity after penetrating ocular trauma are initial visual acuity of only light perception or no light perception, wounds extending posterior to the rectus muscle insertion plane, wound length greater than 10 mm, and blunt or missile injury. [5]
No racial predilection exists for globe rupture.
Because of occupational and recreational preferences, most globe rupture injuries are found in men (78.6%). [6] Men are more likely to experience penetrating injuries (69.9%), whereas women present more often with blunt globe rupture (68.1%). [6]
Globe rupture typically occurs at a younger age in men (median age, 36 y) than in women (median age, 73 y). [6]
A high percentage of globe rupture occurrences are in adolescent boys.
The prognosis depends largely on the extent of injury and the time from injury until appropriate surgical treatment.
In a study by Lee et al, the charts of 62 patients aged 16 years and younger who had been treated for open globe injuries were reviewed. [7] In addition to location and extent of injury, unfavorable outcomes were also related to the initial presentation of hyphema, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, cornea wound across the pupil, and endophthalmitis.
In a retrospective review, Esmaeli et al studied 176 cases of ruptured globe to identify clinical and histopathologic factors that may predict ocular survival and final visual acuity after penetrating ocular trauma. Predictors of excellent final visual acuity (20/60 or better) were initial visual acuity of 20/200 or better, wound location anterior to the plane of insertion of the 4 rectus muscles, wound length 10 mm or less, and sharp mechanism of injury. Predictors of poor vision were initial visual acuity of light perception or no light perception, wounds extending posterior to rectus muscle insertion plane, wound length greater than 10 mm, and blunt or missile injury. [5]
The prognosis should be guarded until after surgical evaluation.
For patient education resources, see the Eye and Vision Center, as well as Subconjunctival Hemorrhage (Bleeding in Eye).
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Yuan WH, Hsu HC, Cheng HC, Guo WY, Teng MM, Chen SJ, et al. CT of globe rupture: analysis and frequency of findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014 May. 202 (5):1100-7. [Medline].
John R Acerra, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine; Director, International Emergency Medicine Fellowship, North Shore-LIJ Health System
John R Acerra, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Derek J Golden, MD Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, West Hills Hospital and Medical Center
Derek J Golden, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Douglas Lavenburg, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Christiana Care Health Systems
Douglas Lavenburg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, LeConte Medical Center
Steven C Dronen, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Edward A Michelson, MD Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University Hospital Health Systems of Cleveland
Edward A Michelson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors, Joe Robson, MD, Amy J Behrman, MD, and Stephanie Abbuhl, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
Globe Rupture
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