Ampullectomy

No Results

No Results

processing….

The first localized resection of an ampullary lesion was performed transduodenally by Halsted in 1899. Since Halsted’s time, technological advancements have enhanced the array of tools at the disposal of the modern surgeon. In modern times, ampullectomy can be performed as an endoscopic mucosal resection or as a full-thickness resection via duodenotomy by way of laparoscopy or open surgery. ^[1]  Surgical ampullectomy remains a useful treatment option for ampullary lesions, but its utility is limited to a narrow range of indications. ^{[2, 3]}

Neoplasms of the ampulla of Vater are a small subset of the broader category of biliary tract neoplasms. These lesions demand separate consideration from their biliary counterparts because of their unique location and behavior. In general, localized resection of papillary, ampullary, and periampullary neoplastic lesions should be considered only if these lesions are benign. Malignant disease of this region is associated with extraordinarily high recurrence rates (approximately 80% local recurrence with malignant disease and up to 40% local recurrence with nonmalignant dysplasia) with local resection alone, mandating radical resection via pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Although some controversy exists regarding the role of ampullectomy in limited circumstances with regard to malignant Tis and T1 ampullary carcinoma, ^[4] this article addresses the details of surgical ampullectomy for benign neoplasia of the ampulla of Vater.

In addition, endoscopic technology and tools for periampullary procedures represent a broad subject that deserves a rich discussion elsewhere. ^{[5, 6]} This chapter focuses on the details of open surgical ampullectomy, with acknowledgement of laparoscopy as a valid technologic variant that is at the disposal of the surgeon who has already mastered open surgical ampullectomy.

Ampulla of Vater neoplasias include a diverse array of lesions, including those that arise from genetic predisposition, spontaneous mutation, or spontaneous occurrence. The earliest manifestation of disease occurs in the common channel of the ampulla, perhaps reflecting a mutagenic nature of bile. The most common cause of heritable ampullary neoplasia is familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), which progresses from adenoma to malignancy along the well-described pathway of mutagenesis for colon cancer.

Variants include the following:

Discrete limitations apply to lesions that lend themselves to successful surgical ampullectomy. This procedure is indicated for benign disease of the ampulla with lesions that are smaller than 2 cm and are located within 2 cm of the ampulla. ^{[8, 9, 10]}

It has been suggested that ampullectomy may also be considered for early (eg, pT1) ampullary cancers in patients at high operative risk with pancreaticoduodenectomy if the lesion is small (≤1 cm), well differentiated, and of polypoid gross morphology. ^[11]  Nodal clearance may be required for long-term survival in this setting. ^[12]

Contraindications for surgical ampullectomy include the following:

Larger benign lesions and those of any size that are located more than 2 cm away from the ampulla do not qualify for surgical ampullectomy. Larger lesions may harbor foci of malignancy, and at increasing distance from the ampulla, reasonable anatomic reconstruction becomes impossible. Finally, surgical ampullectomy is not indicated for lesions that arise in the context of clinical cues of malignancy (unintended weight loss, jaundice, ascites).

Surgical ampullectomy is also contraindicated for lesions with an unclear tissue diagnosis or fine-needle aspiration (FNA) with no evidence of malignancy in the presence of clinical cues of malignancy.

The following measures are used for complication prevention:

Panzeri F, Crippa S, Castelli P, Aleotti F, Pucci A, Partelli S, et al. Management of ampullary neoplasms: A tailored approach between endoscopy and surgery. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jul 14. 21 (26):7970-87. [Medline].

Ceppa EP, Burbridge RA, Rialon KL, Omotosho PA, Emick D, Jowell PS, et al. Endoscopic versus surgical ampullectomy: an algorithm to treat disease of the ampulla of Vater. Ann Surg. 2013 Feb. 257 (2):315-22. [Medline].

Mansukhani VM, Desai GS, Mouli S, Shirodkar K, Shah RC, Palepu J. Transduodenal ampullectomy for ampullary tumors. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan. 36 (1):62-65. [Medline].

Kunovský L, Kala Z, Procházka V, Potrusil M, Dastych M, Novotný I, et al. Surgical Treatment of Ampullary Adenocarcinoma – Single Center Experience and a Review of Literature. Klin Onkol. 2017 Winter. 31 (1):46-52. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Espinel J, Pinedo E, Ojeda V, Guerra Del Río M. Endoscopic ampullectomy: a technical review. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2016 May. 108 (5):271-8. [Medline].

Salmi S, Ezzedine S, Vitton V, Ménard C, Gonzales JM, Desjeux A, et al. Can papillary carcinomas be treated by endoscopic ampullectomy?. Surg Endosc. 2012 Apr. 26 (4):920-5. [Medline].

Askew J, Connor S. Review of the investigation and surgical management of resectable ampullary adenocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford). 2013 Nov. 15 (11):829-38. [Medline].

Nakeeb A, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL. Procedures for benign and malignant pancreatic disease. Souba WW, Fink MP, Jurkovich GJ, et al, eds. ACS Surgery: Principles and Practice. 6th ed. New York: WebMD; 2007. 785-97.

Brugge WR, Warshaw AL. Adenoma and adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater: diagnosis and management. Beger H, Warshaw A, Büchler M, et al, eds. The Pancreas: An Integrated Textbook of Basic Science, Medicine, and Surgery. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008. 870-9.

Kendrick ML, Farnell MB. Transduodenal resection for pancreatic villous neoplasms. Clavien PA, Sarr MG, Fong Y, et al, eds. Atlas of Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 2007. 833-8.

Song J, Liu H, Li Z, Yang C, Sun Y, Wang C. Long-term prognosis of surgical treatment for early ampullary cancers and implications for local ampullectomy. BMC Surg. 2015 Mar 22. 15:32. [Medline].

Amini A, Miura JT, Jayakrishnan TT, Johnston FM, Tsai S, Christians KK, et al. Is local resection adequate for T1 stage ampullary cancer?. HPB (Oxford). 2015 Jan. 17 (1):66-71. [Medline].

Rejeski JJ, Kundu S, Hauser M, Conway JD, Evans JA, Pawa R, et al. Characteristic endoscopic ultrasound findings of ampullary lesions that predict the need for surgical excision or endoscopic ampullectomy. Endosc Ultrasound. 2016 May-Jun. 5 (3):184-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Roshni L Venugopal, MD, MS Resident Physician, Department of General Surgery, University of Tennessee Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Keith D Gray, MD, FACS Chief, Division of Surgical Oncology, Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine; Medical Director, Gastrointestinal Tumor Service (GITS), The University of Tennessee Medical Center Cancer Institute; Clinical Specialist, Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Medical Center

Keith D Gray, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Cancer Research, American College of Surgeons, National Medical Association, Society of Surgical Oncology, Southeastern Surgical Congress

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kurt E Roberts, MD Assistant Professor, Section of Surgical Gastroenterology, Department of Surgery, Director, Surgical Endoscopy, Associate Director, Surgical Skills and Simulation Center and Surgical Clerkship, Yale University School of Medicine

Kurt E Roberts, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons, Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ampullectomy

Research & References of Ampullectomy|A&C Accounting And Tax Services
Source

Share on Facebook

Tweet

Follow us