Coronary Bare-Metal Stent
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Bare-metal coronary artery stents are used in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for a variety of indications, including stable and unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and multiple-vessel disease.
Bare-metal stents, coronary
Currently available bare-metal coronary stents include, but are not limited to, the following (see Table below):
Abbott Vascular [1] : Multi-Link 8 SV Coronary Stent System, Multi-Link 8 Coronary Stent System, Multi-Link 8 LL Coronary Stent System, Multi-Link Vision Coronary Stent System, Multi-Link Mini Vision Coronary Stent System, Multi-Link Ultra Vision Coronary Stent System, Multi-Link Zeta Vision Coronary Stent System
B Braun Melsungen AG [2] : Coroflex Coronary Stent System, Coroflex Blue Coronary Stent System, Coroflex Blue Ultra Coronary Stent System, Coroflex Blue Neo Coronary Stent System
Boston Scientific [3] : VeriFLEX Bare-Metal Coronary Stent System, REBEL
Medtronic [4] : Integrity BMS Coronary Stent System, Driver BMS Coronary Stent System, MicroDriver BMS Coronary Stent System
Table. Currently Available Bare-Metal Coronary Stent Systems (Open Table in a new window)
Company Name
Coronary Stent System
Stent Composition
Stent Diameter, mm
Stent Length, mm
Abbott Vascular [1]
Multi-Link 8 SV
L-605 Cobalt chromium
2.25
8, 12, 15, 18, 23, 28
Multi-Link 8
L-605 Cobalt chromium
2.25, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 12, 15, 18, 23, 28
Multi-Link 8 LL
L-605 Cobalt chromium
3, 3.5, 4
33, 38
Multi-Link Vision
L-605 Cobalt chromium
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 12, 15, 18, 23, 28
Multi-Link Mini Vision
L-606 Cobalt chromium (also includes nickel, tungsten)
2, 2.25, 2.5
8, 12, 15, 23, 28
Multi-Link Ultra Vision
316 L Stainless steel (also includes iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum)
3.5, 4, 4.5, 5
13, 18, 28, 38
Multi-Link Zeta
316 L Stainless steel (iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum)
2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 33, 38
B Braun Melsungen AG [2]
Coroflex
316 L Stainless steel
2.5, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 16, 19, 25
Coroflex Blue
Cobalt chromium
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 16, 19, 25, 28, 33
Coroflex Blue Ultra
Cobalt chromium
2, 2.25, 2.5
9, 14, 16, 19, 24, 27, 32
Coroflex Blue Neo
Cobalt chromium
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 16, 19, 24, 27, 32
Boston Scientific [3]
Veriflex BMS
316 Stainless steel
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4, 5
8, 12, 15, 16,18, 20, 23, 24, 28, 32
REBEL Stent System
Platinum chromium
2.25, 2.50, 2.75, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5
8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32
Medtronic Inc. [4]
Integrity BMS
Cobalt alloy
2.25, 2.5,
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30
Driver BMS
F-562 Cobalt chromium
3.0, 3.5, 4
9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30
MicroDriver BMS
F-562 Cobalt chromium
2.25, 2.5, 2.75
8, 12, 14, 18, 24
FDA approval history
In June 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the very first coronary stent, Gianturco-Roubin stent. [5] Cesar Gianturco, a radiologist, and Gary Roubin, an interventional cardiologist, designed this bare-metal coronary stent, which was manufactured and sold by Cook Inc. The Gianturco-Roubin stent was a balloon-expandable and coil-type stent manufactured using a flat 316 L stainless steel wire coil attached to a single longitudinal strut. The stent length ranged from 12 to 16 mm, and its diameter ranged from 2.5 to 5 mm.
In August 1994, the FDA approved the second coronary stent, the Palmaz-Schatz stent. [6] Julio C Palmaz, an interventional vascular radiologist, and Richard Schatz, an interventional cardiologist, designed this bare-metal coronary stent, which was manufactured and sold by Cordis. The Palmaz-Schatz stent was a balloon-expandable and slotted-tube type stent manufactured using 316 L stainless steel. Only one stent length (15 mm) was manufactured, but its diameter ranged from 3 to 5 mm.
Many different bare-metal stents are currently available. These devices can be divided into three different designs: coil, tubular mesh, and slotted tube. The coil design is characterized by metallic wire or strips formed into a circular coil shape. The tubular mesh design is characterized by wires wound together in a meshwork forming a tube. The slotted tube design is characterized by tubes of metals from which a design is laser cut.
These devices differ from each other with respect to composition (eg, stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloy, nickel chromium alloy), architectural design, and delivery system (ie, a balloon catheter that delivers the stent, self-expanding, or balloon expandable). These devices also have different strut patterns and widths, stent diameters, stent lengths, radial strength, radiopacity, thrombogenicity, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility. [7]
Coronary artery stents are used in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for various indications, including stable and unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and multiple-vessel disease. [8, 9] Intracoronary stent placement is based on the notion that permanent implantation of a scaffold to hold open the coronary artery at the site of an intervention would improve outcomes. Stents, particularly stents coated with materials to reduce inflammatory and cell-growth responses, have resulted in greatly improved outcomes.
Since 1994, when the first intracoronary stent was approved by the FDA, the implementation of intracoronary stents has risen dramatically. With the advent of drug-eluting stents, stents are now used in more than 80% of PCI cases in the United States. As noted earlier, various stents are available, differing from each other with respect to composition, architectural design, and delivery system.
Although the problems of restenosis are seen less frequently with drug-eluting stents than with bare-metal stents, implanting a bare-metal stent during PCI may be preferable in some clinical situations, such as in patients undergoing urgent noncardiac surgery in whom antiplatelet therapy may have to be discontinued and in patients with known or potential medicine compliance issues. [8] (See the sections on Follow-up/Monitoring and Complications.)
Despite differences in restenosis rates between bare-metal and drug-eluting stents, long-term rates of death and myocardial infarction (MI) are comparable for the two device types.
Clinical indications for PCI are as follows:
Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Stable angina
Angina equivalent (eg, dyspnea, arrhythmia, dizziness/syncope)
Asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with objective evidence of a moderate-to-large area of viable myocardium or moderate-to-severe ischemia on noninvasive testing
Clinical contraindications include significant comorbidities (a relative contraindication).
Angiographic indications for PCI include hemodynamically significant lesions in vessels serving viable myocardium (vessel diameter >1.5 mm).
Angiographic relative contraindications include the following:
Left main stenosis in a patient who is a surgical candidate (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] remains the preferred treatment for left main stenosis; however, safe and feasible PCI options are evolving rapidly)
Diffusely diseased small-caliber artery or vein graft
Other coronary anatomy not amenable to PCI
Contraindications to a coronary stent system are as follows:
Patients in whom antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated [1, 2, 3, 4]
A coronary lesion that prevents complete inflation of an angioplasty balloon or proper placement of the stent [1, 2, 3, 5]
The major limitations of balloon angioplasty have been acute vessel closure and restenosis. Early studies with intracoronary stents showed that these devices were highly effective for treating or preventing acute or threatened vessel closure and thereby avoiding emergency bypass surgery.
The available evidence indicates that restenting with second-generation drug-eluting stents has the most likelihood to achieve the best angiographic and clinical outcomes. [10] Relatively recent developments in drug-coated balloons and bioresorbable vascular scaffolds have increased the potential options for in-stent restenosis. [10]
In the DARE trial, which compared the effectiveness of paclitaxel-eluting balloon versus everolimus-eluting stent for the treatment of any in-stent restenosis in 278 patients, investigators reported that with regard to the 6-month in-segment minimal lumen diameter, the drug-eluting balloon was noninferior to the drug-eluting stent and, thus, the use of a drug-eluting balloon may be a potential treatment option in this setting. [11] The target vessel revascularization at 12-month follow-up was also similar between the groups.
Two randomized trials, the Benestent study [12] and the Stent Restenosis Study (STRESS), [13] demonstrated that coronary stenting of de novo lesions in native vessels reduced angiographic restenosis by approximately 30% as compared with conventional balloon angioplasty. Stenting produces a larger lumen diameter than conventional balloon angioplasty both immediately after the procedure (acute gain) and at follow-up (net gain), resulting in less restenosis.
The use of stenting, instead of balloon angioplasty, was compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for the treatment of multivessel coronary artery disease in the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS). [14] At 1-year follow-up, no differences were noted in the rates of death, stroke, or myocardial infarction (MI). Event-free survival was better in the surgery group (87.8%) than in the stent group (73.8%), and fewer patients in the surgery group required a second revascularization procedure (3.5% vs 16.8%, respectively).
In the Argentine Randomized Trial of Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery in Multivessel Disease (ERACI) [15] and the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) trial, [16] 37% and 54% of patients, respectively, needed a second revascularization when treated with balloon angioplasty.
Overall, patients with diabetes and those who received incomplete surgical revascularization did worse than other patients. [15, 16] The cost of the initial revascularization procedure was $4212 less for those treated with stent placement, but because of the need for more repeat revascularization procedures in the stent group, the cost advantage for stenting was reduced to $2973 after 1 year.
The Stent or Surgery (SoS) trial compared bare-metal stents with CABG in similar patients and reported a 21% 2-year target vessel revascularization rate in stent patients, compared to 6% in CABG patients. [17] Death and MI rates were similar in the two groups; however, the SoS trial had a higher noncardiac death rate in the PCI arm, thought to be attributable to a type II error that may have affected the study results.
Few stent patients in the SoS trial received glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors. [17] Still, this trial and the ARTS study point to the safety of PCI treatment in multivessel disease. Mortality risk is low (if the noncardiac deaths are discounted), and the rates for repeat target vessel revascularization have been halved.
According to the New York Cardiac Registry, as in the preceding trials, patients who received PCI as the initial therapy had a higher incidence of target vessel revascularization (35.1%) than those who underwent CABG (4.9%). [18] A total of 59,314 patients with multivessel disease who underwent either CABG (37,212) or PCI with bare-metal stents (22,102) were identified, and the reported endpoints were repeat revascularization and survival rates within 3 years.
The registry demonstrated, by unadjusted survival curves, that in patients who had two-vessel disease without left anterior descending (LAD) artery involvement, PCI offered a small survival benefit. [18] In patients who had two-vessel disease with proximal LAD disease, both procedures had similar mortalities (91.4% for CABG vs 91.2% for PCI). The registry reported a statistically significant survival benefit of CABG over PCI in patients who had three-vessel disease with proximal LAD disease. [18]
In a more recent study that compared mortality following surgical (CABG) versus percutaneous (PCI) revascularization in 6682 patients with multivessel disease (3358 CABG patients received single arterial or multiple arterial grafts; 2294 PCI patients received bare-metal stents, or first- or second-generation drug-eluting stents), investigators noted a higher 5-year mortality with PCI compared with CABG, regardless of the stent type used. [19] When measured and unmeasured confounding were adjusted, 5-year mortality remained higher with PCI with bare-metal stents and first-generation drug-eluting stents; however, it was comparable to that of CABG for PCI with second-generation drug-eluting stents.
Stone et al, examining the safety and efficacy of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in 3006 patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, found that the drug-eluting stents, as compared with bare-metal stents, significantly reduced angiographic evidence of restenosis and recurrent ischemia necessitating repeat revascularization at 12-month follow-up. [20] However, rates of death and stent thrombosis were similar for the two groups. Patients were assigned to receive paclitaxel-eluting stents or otherwise identical bare-metal stents in a 3:1 ratio.
Lee et al compared drug-eluting stents, bare coronary stents, and self-expanding stents in angioplasty for middle cerebral artery stenosis and concluded drug-eluting stents were more effective than bare-metal stents. [21]
A study by Hsieh and colleagues that compared the long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in subgroups of different vessel sizes also concluded that the incidence of major adverse cardiac events was significantly reduced by the use of drug-eluting stents, but that benefits were lessened if the affected vessels were larger than 3.75 mm wide. [22]
Similarly, Kubo et al concluded after a 7-year study that with the exception of the two-stent procedure, the 7-year outcomes for left main coronary artery stenting showed the drug-eluting implantation outcomes were superior to those achieved with bare-metal stents. [23]
Using multicenter National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)-sponsored Dynamic Registry data of 3326 patients who underwent PCI with drug-eluting stent versus bare-metal stent to assess their 2-year safety (death, MI) and efficacy (repeat revascularization) outcomes across racial groups, Olafiranye and colleagues found that, compared with the use of a bare-metal stent, the use of a drug-eluting stent was associated with better 2-year safety outcomes in both black and white patients. [24] Relative to bare-metal stents, drug-eluting stents were associated with a significant 24% lower risk of repeat revascularization in white patients and with a nominal 34% lower risk of repeat revascularization in black patients. [24]
In a comprehensive network meta-analysis of 51 randomized controlled trials that included a total of 52,158 patients to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents, Palmerini and colleagues reported that, after a median follow-up of 3.8 years, all drug-eluting stents demonstrated superior efficacy compared with bare-metal stents. [25] Relative to first-generation drug-eluting stents, second-generation drug-eluting stents had substantially improved long-term safety and efficacy outcomes. [25]
In a retrospective study that compared the 4-year outcomes of bare-metal and everolimus-eluting stents using data from New York State (NYS) cardiac registries, NYS-wide hospital discharge data, the National Death Index, and the US Census file, Qian et al found that, compared to patients who received a bare metal stent, those receiving the second-generation drug-eluting stent had better outcomes, including a lower rate of 4-year mortality, acute MI, target-lesion PCI, and target-vessel CABG. [26]
Coronary stents are implemented during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), typically after balloon angioplasty. The delivery system consists of a balloon-tipped catheter, over which the collapsed, appropriately sized stent is threaded. Once the stent is advanced to the site of interest, the balloon is inflated to expand the stent, thereby locking it into place. The stent subsequently becomes endothelialized.
Although stents are conventionally placed after balloon predilation, a meta-analysis by Piscione et al suggested that in selected coronary lesions, direct stenting may lead to better outcomes. [27] In this analysis, myocardial infarction (MI) rates were lower with direct stenting than with conventional stenting (3.16% vs 4.04%, respectively), whereas rates of target vessel revascularization were similar.
Stent thrombosis occurs most commonly in the subacute period within 1 month after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), thus, the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) advisory for the prevention of stent thrombosis after coronary stent implantation recommends that, at a minimum, patients should be treated with clopidogrel 75 mg and aspirin 325 mg for 1 month after bare-metal stent implantation. [28]
The 2012 update to the 2007 American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF)/AHA guideline for unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) recommends that patients treated with PCI should receive clopidogrel 75 mg/day, prasugrel 10 mg/day, or ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily for at least 12 months. [29]
According to a large multicenter cohort study, select low-risk patients undergoing elective PCI may be considered for same-day discharge. [30] Although only 1.25% of patients were discharged the same day, there were no significant differences found in the death or rehospitalization rates at 2 days or at 30 days. [30]
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is associated with an emergency bypass rate of less than 1%. [31] The rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) with stent placement is 2%-5% (compared with 5%-15% for PTCA without stent placement).
Although drug-eluting stents have reduced restenosis events significantly, the rate of thrombosis with a drug-eluting stent is virtually identical to that with a bare-metal stent at 1 year (0.5%-0.7%). However, late stent thrombosis (>1 year) is exceedingly rare for bare-metal stents, although it continues to occur with drug-eluting stents. The factor contributing most significantly to stent thrombosis is interruption of antiplatelet therapy.
Bare-metal coronary stent implantation may cause many adverse events, including but not limited to, the following [1, 2, 3, 4] :
Patients who will likely not comply with a recommendation for 1 year of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) or those who have a planned procedure that requires early cessation of antiplatelet agents may be candidates for a bare-metal stent rather than a drug-eluting stent.
Bare-metal stents or second-generation drug-eluting stents are recommended for patients receiving anticoagulation agents. DAPT for longer than 1 month places the patients at a high risk of bleeding. A bare-metal stent is preferred if the risk of restenosis is lower.
Abbott. Vascular disease. Available at http://www.abbottvascular.com/us/index.html. Accessed: February 21, 2018.
B Braun Melsungen AG. Products & therapies. Coronary bare metal stents. Available at https://www.bbraun.com/en/products-and-therapies/interventional-vascular-diagnostics-and-therapy/coronary-bare-metal-stents.html. Accessed: February 21, 2018.
Boston Scientific Corporation. Products. Available at http://www.bostonscientific.com/en-US/products.html. Accessed: February 21, 2013.
Medtronic. Health professionals: products. Available at www.medtronic.com/us-en/healthcare-professionals/products.html. Accessed: February 21, 2018.
US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket approval (PMA) (Gianturco-Roubin coronary flex-stent). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P910030. 1993; Accessed: February 21, 2018.
US Food and Drug Administration. Premarket approval (PMA) (Palmaz-Schatz balloon expandable stent). Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfpma/pma.cfm?id=P900043. 1994; Accessed: February 22, 2018.
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Baan J Jr, Claessen BE, Dijk KB, et al. A randomized comparison of paclitaxel-eluting balloon versus everolimus-eluting stent for the treatment of any in-stent restenosis: the DARE trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Feb 12. 11 (3):275-83. [Medline].
Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Aug 25. 331 (8):489-95. [Medline].
Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1994 Aug 25. 331 (8):496-501. [Medline].
Serruys PW, Ong AT, van Herwerden LA, et al. Five-year outcomes after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery for the treatment of multivessel disease: the final analysis of the Arterial Revascularization Therapies Study (ARTS) randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Aug 16. 46 (4):575-81. [Medline].
Rodriguez A, Boullon F, Perez-Balino N, Paviotti C, Liprandi MI, Palacios IF. Argentine randomized trial of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus coronary artery bypass surgery in multivessel disease (ERACI): in-hospital results and 1-year follow-up. ERACI Group. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct. 22 (4):1060-7. [Medline].
Alderman EL, Kip KE, Whitlow PL, et al, for the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation. Native coronary disease progression exceeds failed revascularization as cause of angina after five years in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Aug 18. 44 (4):766-74. [Medline].
SoS Investigators. Coronary artery bypass surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (the Stent or Surgery trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Sep 28. 360 (9338):965-70. [Medline].
Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, et al. Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 26. 352 (21):2174-83. [Medline].
Raja SG, Ilsley C, De Robertis F, et al. Mid-to-long term mortality following surgical versus percutaneous coronary revascularization stratified according to stent subtype: An analysis of 6,682 patients with multivessel disease. PLoS One. 2018. 13 (2):e0191554. [Medline].
Stone GW, Lansky AJ, Pocock SJ, et al, for the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2009 May 7. 360 (19):1946-59. [Medline].
Lee JH, Jo SM, Jo KD, Kim MK, Lee SY, You SH. Comparison of drug-eluting coronary stents, bare coronary stents and self-expanding stents in angioplasty of middle cerebral artery stenoses. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg. 2013 Jun. 15 (2):85-95. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hsieh MJ, Chen CC, Chang SH, et al. Long-term outcomes of drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in large coronary arteries. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 9. 168 (4):3785-90. [Medline].
Kubo S, Kadota K, Shimada T, et al. Seven-year clinical outcomes of unprotected left main coronary artery stenting with drug-eluting stent and bare-metal stent. Circ J. 2013. 77 (10):2497-504. [Medline].
Olafiranye O, Vlachos H, Mulukutla SR, et al. Comparison of long-term safety and efficacy outcomes after drug-eluting and bare-metal stent use across racial groups: Insights from NHLBI Dynamic Registry. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Apr 1. 184:79-85. [Medline].
Palmerini T, Benedetto U, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Long-term safety of drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: evidence from a comprehensive network meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Jun 16. 65 (23):2496-507. [Medline].
Qian F, Zhong Y, Hannan EL. Four-year comparative effectiveness of bare-metal and everolimus-eluting stents in New York. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2018 Feb 15. 91 (3):417-24. [Medline].
Piscione F, Piccolo R, Cassese S, et al. Is direct stenting superior to stenting with predilation in patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention? Results from a meta-analysis of 24 randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2010 Apr. 96 (8):588-94. [Medline].
[Guideline] Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al, for the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Circulation. 2007 Feb 13. 115 (6):813-8. [Medline].
[Guideline] Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al, for the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jun 11. 127 (23):e663-828. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Rao SV, Kaltenbach LA, Weintraub WS, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of same-day discharge after elective percutaneous coronary intervention among older patients. JAMA. 2011 Oct 5. 306 (13):1461-7. [Medline].
Syed Z, Moscucci M, Share D, Gurm HS. Predicting emergency coronary artery bypass graft following PCI: application of a computational model to refer patients to hospitals with and without onsite surgical backup. Open Heart. 2015. 2 (1):e000243. [Medline]. [Full Text].
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Kornowski R, Mehran R, Dangas G, et al, for the HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Prognostic impact of staged versus “one-time” multivessel percutaneous intervention in acute myocardial infarction: analysis from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 9. 58 (7):704-11. [Medline].
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Vlaar PJ, Mahmoud KD, Holmes DR Jr, et al. Culprit vessel only versus multivessel and staged percutaneous coronary intervention for multivessel disease in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a pairwise and network meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Aug 9. 58 (7):692-703. [Medline].
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[Guideline] Patel MR, Calhoon JH, Dehmer GJ, et al. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2016 Appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and the Society of … J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Feb 7. 69 (5):570-91. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Patel MR, Calhoon JH, Dehmer GJ, et al. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2017 Appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, and Society … J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 May 2. 69 (17):2212-41. [Medline]. [Full Text].
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Tefft BJ, Uthamaraj S, Harbuzariu A, et al. Nanoparticle mediated cell capture enables rapid endothelialization of a novel bare metal stent. Tissue Eng Part A. 2018 Feb 12. [Medline].
Company Name
Coronary Stent System
Stent Composition
Stent Diameter, mm
Stent Length, mm
Abbott Vascular [1]
Multi-Link 8 SV
L-605 Cobalt chromium
2.25
8, 12, 15, 18, 23, 28
Multi-Link 8
L-605 Cobalt chromium
2.25, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 12, 15, 18, 23, 28
Multi-Link 8 LL
L-605 Cobalt chromium
3, 3.5, 4
33, 38
Multi-Link Vision
L-605 Cobalt chromium
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 12, 15, 18, 23, 28
Multi-Link Mini Vision
L-606 Cobalt chromium (also includes nickel, tungsten)
2, 2.25, 2.5
8, 12, 15, 23, 28
Multi-Link Ultra Vision
316 L Stainless steel (also includes iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum)
3.5, 4, 4.5, 5
13, 18, 28, 38
Multi-Link Zeta
316 L Stainless steel (iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum)
2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 15, 18, 23, 33, 38
B Braun Melsungen AG [2]
Coroflex
316 L Stainless steel
2.5, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 16, 19, 25
Coroflex Blue
Cobalt chromium
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 16, 19, 25, 28, 33
Coroflex Blue Ultra
Cobalt chromium
2, 2.25, 2.5
9, 14, 16, 19, 24, 27, 32
Coroflex Blue Neo
Cobalt chromium
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 13, 16, 19, 24, 27, 32
Boston Scientific [3]
Veriflex BMS
316 Stainless steel
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4, 5
8, 12, 15, 16,18, 20, 23, 24, 28, 32
REBEL Stent System
Platinum chromium
2.25, 2.50, 2.75, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5
8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32
Medtronic Inc. [4]
Integrity BMS
Cobalt alloy
2.25, 2.5,
2.75, 3, 3.5, 4
8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 18, 22, 26, 30
Driver BMS
F-562 Cobalt chromium
3.0, 3.5, 4
9, 12, 15, 18, 24, 30
MicroDriver BMS
F-562 Cobalt chromium
2.25, 2.5, 2.75
8, 12, 14, 18, 24
Sandy N Shah, DO, MBA, FACC, FACP, FACOI Cardiologist
Sandy N Shah, DO, MBA, FACC, FACP, FACOI is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Osteopathic Internists, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Eric H Yang, MD Associate Professor of Medicine, Director of Cardiac Catherization Laboratory and Interventional Cardiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona
Eric H Yang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Judy Lin, MD
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Donald R Lynch Jr, MD Clinical Fellow, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Donald R Lynch Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association, American Medical Association, and American Stroke Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
John A McPherson, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Director of Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute
John A McPherson, MD, FACC, FAHA, FSCAI is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Tennessee Medical Association
Disclosure: Abbott Vascular Corp. Consulting fee Consulting
Coronary Bare-Metal Stent
Research & References of Coronary Bare-Metal Stent |A&C Accounting And Tax Services
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