Granulomatous Iritis (Anterior Uveitis)
No Results
No Results
processing….
Iritis, also known as anterior uveitis, is the most common form of intra-ocular inflammation and often causes a painful red eye. The term uveitis is synonymous with inflammation of the uveal tract, which consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
Inflammation of the iris appropriately may be termed iritis. Inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body is called iridocyclitis. Iritis may be subdivided into 2 broad categories: granulomatous and nongranulomatous.
A granulomatous iritis has an increased likelihood of being part of a systemic disease process or a component of certain ocular syndromes. However, the diagnosis of granulomatous iritis does not definitively indicate that an underlying systemic granulomatous process is present.
Patients with a granulomatous iritis may present with an acutely painful eye or with chronic subclinical inflammation that is discovered only during a routine ocular examination.
The exact pathophysiology of granulomatous iritis is unknown. It may result from an autoimmune reaction or from the host’s immune response to a systemic infectious process, such as syphilis, Lyme disease, tuberculosis (TB), or local reactivation of herpetic viral infection.
Not all cases classified as granulomatous are necessarily granulomatous upon histologic examination. Granulomas are found in certain infectious and autoimmune processes and even in inflammation secondary to foreign bodies; they represent an inflammatory response that implies chronic inflammation.
United States
Iritis, granulomatous and nongranulomatous, is the most frequent form of uveitis that ophthalmologists encounter. In one community-based study, anterior uveitis accounted for more than 90% of all cases of uveitis seen. The annual incidence is about 8 cases per 100,000 population. [1] However, these cases were predominantly nongranulomatous anterior uveitis.
International
No particular geographic distribution has been noted for granulomatous iritis. Although certain etiologies may be more common in certain parts of the world (eg, TB in endemic areas).
Morbidity may arise from both the iritis and any associated systemic disease if present.
Patients may have anterior and posterior synechiae. Extensive posterior synechiae can lead to a secluded pupil that can result in angle-closure glaucoma. In addition, trabecular obstruction, due to either cellular debris or peripheral anterior synechiae, can lead to secondary glaucoma due to chronic angle closure.
The eye with a granulomatous iritis is likely to have uveitis involving other structures of the eye, including the posterior segment. This may result in an increased risk of substantial visual impairment.
Associated ocular complications (eg, cataracts, corneal decompensation, glaucoma, chronic cystoid macular edema, hypotony, optic neuropathy) may result in severe vision loss.
Racial differences may exist, depending on the underlying cause of the iritis. For example, sarcoidosis is more likely to be diagnosed in the African American population than in other groups. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH disease), although a rare cause of uveitis in the United States, is much more prevalent in persons of Mestizo, Asian, or American Indian ancestry.
No significant sex differences are reported.
Granulomatous iritis may develop in individuals of any age.
Most patients will more than likely have a recurrence of their inflammatory process.
The overall visual prognosis for patients with recurrent iritis is good in the absence of cataracts, glaucoma, or posterior uveitis.
For patient education resources, see the Eye and Vision Center, as well as Anatomy of the Eye and Iritis.
McCannel CA, Holland GN, Helm CJ, Cornell PJ, Winston JV, Rimmer TG. Causes of uveitis in the general practice of ophthalmology. UCLA Community-Based Uveitis Study Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jan. 121(1):35-46. [Medline].
Sanghvi C, Bell C, Woodhead M, Hardy C, Jones N. Presumed tuberculous uveitis: diagnosis, management, and outcome. Eye (Lond). 2011 Apr. 25(4):475-80. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Kamal S, Kumar R, Kumar S, Goel R. Bilateral Interstitial Keratitis and Granulomatous Uveitis of Tubercular Origin. Eye Contact Lens. 2013 Mar 27. [Medline].
Abderrahim K, Chebil A, Falfoul Y, Bouladi M, Matri LE. Granulomatous uveitis and reactive arthritis as manifestations of post-streptococcal syndrome. Int Ophthalmol. 2012 Sep 18. [Medline].
Nalcacioglu-Yüksekkaya P, Ozdal PC, Teke MY, Kara C, Ozturk F. Presumed herpetic anterior uveitis: a study with retrospective analysis of 79 cases. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2013 Nov 20. 24(1):14-20. [Medline].
Ganesh SK, Roopleen, Biswas J, Veena N. Role of high-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of the chest in granulomatous uveitis: a tertiary uveitis clinic experience from India. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2011 Feb. 19(1):51-7. [Medline].
Theodossiadis PG, Markomichelakis NN, Sfikakis PP. Tumor necrosis factor antagonists: preliminary evidence for an emerging approach in the treatment of ocular inflammation. Retina. 2007 Apr-May. 27(4):399-413. [Medline].
Friedman AH, Deutsch-Sokol RH. Sugiura’s sign. Perilimbal vitiligo in the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. Ophthalmology. 1981 Nov. 88(11):1159-65. [Medline].
Jabs DA, Nussenblatt RB, Rosenbaum JT. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005 Sep. 140(3):509-16. [Medline].
[Guideline] Jabs DA, Rosenbaum JT, Foster CS, et al. Guidelines for the use of immunosuppressive drugs in patients with ocular inflammatory disorders: recommendations of an expert panel. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000 Oct. 130(4):492-513. [Medline].
Jap A, Chee SP. Immunosuppressive therapy for ocular diseases. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2008 Nov. 19(6):535-40. [Medline].
Lobo A, Barton K, Minassian D, du Bois RM, Lightman S. Visual loss in sarcoid-related uveitis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2003 Aug. 31(4):310-6. [Medline].
Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM. Uveitis. Fundamentals and Clinical Practice. 3rd ed. Mosby-Year Book; 2003.
Ocampo VV Jr, Foster CS, Baltatzis S. Surgical excision of iris nodules in the management of sarcoid uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2001 Jul. 108(7):1296-9. [Medline].
Pepose JS, Holland GN, Wilhelmus KR. Ocular Infection and Immunity. Mosby-Year Book; 1996.
Rao NA, Cousins S, Forster D. Intraocular Inflammation and Uveitis. Basic and Clinical Science Course. 1999.
Rodrigues EB, Farah ME, Maia M, et al. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in ophthalmology. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2009 Mar. 28(2):117-44. [Medline].
Rosenbaum JT, George RK. Uveitis. Current Ocular Therapy 5. 2000. 519-21.
Suzuki T, Ohashi Y. Corneal endotheliitis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul-Aug. 23(4):235-40. [Medline].
Rathinam SR, Babu M, Thundikandy R, Kanakath A, Nardone N, Esterberg E, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil for noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2014 Oct. 121 (10):1863-70. [Medline].
Kopplin LJ, Shifera AS, Suhler EB, Lin P. Biological response modifiers in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2015 Spring. 55 (2):19-36. [Medline].
Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine (NYCOM); Director of Residency Ophthalmology Training, The Institute for Family Health and Mid-Hudson Family Practice Residency Program; Staff Ophthalmologist, Telluride Medical Center
Andrew A Dahl, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Intraocular Lens Society, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York State Ophthalmological Society, Outpatient Ophthalmic Surgery Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD Clinical Professor of Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
R Christopher Walton, MD Professor, Director of Uveitis and Ocular Inflammatory Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine
R Christopher Walton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Retina Society, American College of Healthcare Executives, American Uveitis Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Hampton Roy, Sr, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy, Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Abdullah Al-Fawaz, MD, FRCS Assistant Professor, Cornea and Uveitis Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abdullah Al-Fawaz, MD, FRCS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Roger K George, MD, Director of Uveitis Service, Madigan Army Medical Center; Clinical Instructor, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Sciences University
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ralph D Levinson, MD Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Ralph D Levinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, and International Ocular Inflammation Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Granulomatous Iritis (Anterior Uveitis)
Research & References of Granulomatous Iritis (Anterior Uveitis)|A&C Accounting And Tax Services
Source
0 Comments